Mostafa Khani
1* 
, Mohammad Shoghi
2 , Kimiya Sadri
1,2 1 Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
2 Department of Physical Education and Health, Education office of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a global disorder affecting blood glucose regulation, with a steadily increasing prevalence. Predominantly, type 2 diabetes accounts for the majority of cases, and if left undiagnosed or inadequately managed, it may lead to several complications, including sarcopenia, kidney failure, visual impairment, and cardiovascular diseases. In patients with diabetes-induced sarcopenia, the simultaneous reduction in muscle mass and strength further complicates glycemic management. This systematic review explored the impact of resistance training and the supplementation of whey protein and creatine on muscle strength, muscle mass, and glycemic indices in these individuals. A thorough search of English-language articles in Google Scholar and PubMed was conducted using relevant keywords. The evidence indicated that resistance training enhances muscle strength and mass while improving glycemic control, as observed in reductions in hemoglobin A1c levels. Similarly, whey protein and creatine supplementation were associated with beneficial effects on postprandial glycemia and the preservation of muscle integrity. Overall, these interventions, when applied following appropriate guidelines, offer promising strategies for the prevention and management of both diabetes and sarcopenia.