Non-coding RNAs and Wnt signaling in rheumatoid arthritis: Pathogenic Insights and Therapeutic Opportunities

Abstract

Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term inflammatory disease that causes inflammation of the joints and slow tissue destruction. New research has shown that noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) such as microRNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) are important for controlling immune and inflammatory pathways, like the WNT signaling pathway, which is important for osteoblast function and activation of synovial fibroblasts. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was performed using data from experimental and preclinical studies investigating ncRNA–Wnt interactions in human RA tissues and animal models. Relevant findings were synthesized from studies employing transcriptomic profiling, quantitative PCR, bioinformatic prediction, and functional assays. The paper also examines the dual function of ncRNAs as possible indicators for early detection and targets for therapy, due to their capacity to regulate crucial disease-causing pathways in RA. Results: A number of deregulated ncRNAs, such as miR-152, miR-375, miR-708-5p, LINC00152, and HOTAIR modulate components of the Wnt pathway, including β-catenin, GSK3β, DKK1, and FZD8. These interactions influence fibroblast-like synoviocyte proliferation, apoptosis, cytokine secretion, and osteogenic differentiation. Experimental modulation of specific ncRNAs or use of bioactive compounds has demonstrated the ability to restore Wnt pathway balance and attenuate inflammation in RA models.Conclusion: This review highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting ncRNAs in the treatment of RA. By including the results of recent investigations, the review emphasizes the importance of using ncRNAs to reduce inflammation and stop disease progression.

Keywords: rheumatoid, inflammation, ncRNA